Technology and Development 
  WTO, TBT and the Global Standard

since 2001/04/01

1. Trade and Standards: A Short History

• Chronology

Tariff rate: Long-term trend, USA, 1821-1970

SOURCE: Historical Statistics of the United States

Tariff rate: Long-term trend, Japan,1868-1995

source: MOF Annual Yearbook

• Tariff barriers >> Non-tariff barriers (NTB)

• Complaints filed to Trade Ombusman, Japan

• Increasing intra-firm trade

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2. GATT and WTO

• Multilateral Trade Negotiations in the post WW II era

  • 1948: GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)

  • 1961-62: Dillon Round

  • 1964-67: Kennedy Round

  • 1973-79: Tokyo Round

  • 1986-94: Uruguay Round

• WTO: World Trade Organization

Increasing Coverage of
Trade-related multilateral conventions 

• Uruguay Round: Single Undertaking Rule

  • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

  • Agriculture

  • Quarantine

  • Textile

  • Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)

  • Investment

  • Anti-Dumping

  • Subsidies and Countervailing Duties

  • Safeguard

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3. What is TBT?

• Where relevant international standards exist or their completion is imminent, Members shall use them, as a basis for their technical regulations except when such international standards would be an ineffective or inappropriate means for the fulfilment of the legitimate objectives.....(Article 2.4).

• National Treatment

• Immediate Notice

• Prompt Publication

• Performance Standards

• WTO/TBT Full Text　

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4. International Standards

4.1. International Standard Bodies

• ISO: International Organization for Standardization

• IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission

• ITU: International Telecommunication Union

• BIPM: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures

4.2. Standard Search Engine

• World Standards Services Network (WSSN): A network of publicly accessible WWW servers of standards organizations around the world.

• ISO Search for Standards and/or Projects: Search by ISO number, keyword, committee, etc. Draft documents under development are also covered.

• IEC On-line Catalogue: Search by IEC number, keyword, committee, etc.

• ITU Database: ITU-T, ITU-R, etc.

• NSSN, ANSI Standard Document Search: American national standard body ANSI is providing powerful search engine.

• BIPM's Useful Links: International/national metrology institutes, and related organizations world wide.

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5. Implications to National Development

• Loose shelters or Gain opportunities?

• National Framework for conformance testing

• Management standard

• Information system standard

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6. Conformance Testing

• Framework (ISO/IEC Guide 2)

  • First party

  • Second party

  • Third Party

  • Conformance

  • Certification

  • Accreditation

• Good Laboratory (ISO/IEC Guide 25)

• Government Inspection > Third Party Inspection

• Global Players in Testing

• Self Conformance Declaration

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7. Expanding Scope of Standardization Activity

7.1. Management Standards

• ISO 9000 series: Quality management

• ISO 14000 series: Environment management

• ISO 16000 series: Occupational Safety

• ISO 12100 : Mechanical Safety

7.2. Information System Standards

• Mapping Real World onto Information Systems

• TC 68: Banking

• TC 184: Industrial Automation

• TC 204: Intelligent Transportation System

• TC 211: Geographical Information System

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Notes

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© Yoshiki Mikami 2001       last updated 2002/05/29